Pharmacists and family physicians: improving interprofessional collaboration through joint understanding of our competencies

Interprofessional collaboration (IPC) is an integral part of the practice of Medicine and Family Medicine. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines IPC as occurring when “multiple health workers from different professional backgrounds work together with patients, families, carers and communities to deliver the highest quality of care” (WHO, 2010). To provide effective, patient-centered care, family physicians must collaborate with other health and social care providers. This is especially true in Canada where there is an increasing level of chronic care and multimorbidity. Between 1998/99 and 2008/09 the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes among Canadians has increased by 70%. Over 36.5% of Canadian adults with diabetes report two or more other serious chronic conditions (hypertension, heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, mood disorder, and/or arthritis) in addition to diabetes, and 12.5% report having three or more (Frank, 2005). The Collaborator role has therefore appropriately been included in the CanMEDS framework of competencies by the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada (Frank, 2005) and the College of Family Physicians of Canada (CFPC) (Tannenbaum et al., 2009). These frameworks are used in the design and accreditation of undergraduate and family medicine curricula as well as to improve patient care by ensuring that training programs in family medicine are responsive to societal needs (Tannenbaum et al., 2009). The delivery of responsive, effective, and high-quality patient care is indeed a complex activity. It demands health care professionals collaborate in an effective manner (Reeves et al., 2013). IPC can be challenging and barriers such as role identification and clarification of expectations continue to be experienced in practice (Lapkin et al., 2013).Interprofessional education (IPE) offers a possible way to improve IPC and patient care and now forms an essential part of medical school curricula in many countries including Canada, USA, UK, and Australia (Reeves et al., 2013). IPE is described as occurring when two or more professions learn about, from and with each other to enable effective collaboration and improve health outcomes (WHO, 2010). A fundamental premise of IPE is that if health professional students learn together they will be better prepared for IPC and teamwork. IPE is a therefore considered a necessary step in preparing a “collaborative practice-ready” workforce that is better prepared to respond to local health needs. A collaborative practiceready health provider is someone who has learned how to work in an interprofessional team and is competent to do so (WHO, 2010). The duration of the positive effects of IPE programs for medical and health care students, however, and their transferability to clinical practice is still unclear.Recent meta-analyses report inconclusive evidence on the effectiveness of IPE on outcomes such as collaborative professional practice or patient care (Lapkin et al., 2013; Reeves et al., 2013). In order to understand what needs to be improved upon in IPE, a deeper understanding of the essential components of a successful collaborative relationship is required (WHO, 2010). Competence, or the knowledge and skills base underlying a particular profession, can also be considered a profession’s “cognitive map.” Good teamwork relies on a joint understanding of one’s own as well as other team members’ cognitive map (Drinka and Clark, 2000). In clinical practice this requires that a profession not only clearly describe their own roles and responsibilities to other professionals but also have an awareness of other professions’ competencies in relation to their own (Drinka and Clark, 2000); This is a key competency that has been linked with improving team communication, coordination of care and patient safety and is included in the CanMEDS description of a collaborator (Frank, 2005; CMPA, 2007; Prada et al., 2007; Frank and Brien, 2008). Defining one’s own professional competencies is therefore an important first step in effective IPC. One approach to gathering the necessary information to determine what competencies are required for a particular profession is to ask those already active and skilled in the profession itself. This approach was used by the CFPC in the development of the competency– based objectives in family medicine using practicing family physicians as their source of information (Allen et al., 2011). This is now the standard used to define competence for the purpose of certification in family medicine by the CFPC. Another approach includes consultation with others. Realizing the importance of patients, physicians, and other health care professionals in the delivery of health care, research in the 1990’s by the Ontario provincial government in Canada sought